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Biology Hard CSS FPSC Uploaded: 14 Jul 2026

Which type of ecological succession begins on bare rock or sand where no soil exists?

  • A Secondary succession
  • B Allogenic succession
  • C Biotic succession
  • D Primary succession
Correct Answer: Option D — Primary succession
Explanation:
Primary succession occurs on bare substrates like bare rock lava fields or sand dunes where no soil or previous living community exists starting from pioneer species like lichens.
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